Few-shot learning for post-earthquake urban damage detection

Dissertation submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the Degree of Master of Science in Geospatial TechnologiesAmong natural disasters, earthquakes are recorded to have the highest rates in human loss in the past 20 years. Their unexpected nature has severe consequences on both human lives and material infrastructure and demands urgent action. For effective emergency relief, it is necessary to gain awareness about the level of damage in the affected areas. The use of remotely sensed imagery is popular in damage assessment applications, however it requires a considerable amount of labeled data, which are not always easy to obtain. Taking into consideration the recent developments in the fields of Machine Learning and Computer Vision, this thesis investigates and employs several Few-Shot Learning (FSL) strategies in order to address data insufficiency and imbalance in post-earthquake urban damage classification. The contribution of this work is double: we manage to prove that oversampling is the most suitable data balancing method for training Deep Convolutional Neural Networks (CNN) when compared to cost-sensitive learning and undersampling, and to demonstrate the feasibility of Prototypical Networks in a damage classification problem

Map Reproducibility in Geoscientific Publications: An Exploratory Study

Reproducibility is a core element of the scientific method. In the Geosciences, the insights derived from geodata are frequently communicated through maps, and the computational methods to create these maps vary in their ease of reproduction. In this paper, we present the results from a study where we tried to reproduce the maps included in geoscientific publications. Following a systematic approach, we collected 27 candidate papers and in four cases, we were able to successfully reproduce the maps they contained. We report on the approach we applied, the issues we encountered and the insights we gained while attempting to reproduce the maps. In addition, we provide an initial set of criteria to assess the success of a map reproduction attempt. We also propose some guidelines for improving map reproducibility in geoscientific publications. Our work sheds a light on the current state of map reproducibility in geoscientific papers and can benefit researchers interested in publishing maps in a more reproducible way

Few-Shot Learning for Post-Earthquake Urban Damage Detection

Koukouraki, E., Vanneschi, L., & Painho, M. (2022). Few-Shot Learning for Post-Earthquake Urban Damage Detection. Remote Sensing, 14(1), 1-20. [40]. https://doi.org/10.3390/rs14010040 ------------------------------ Funding: This study was partially supported by FCT, Portugal, through funding of projects BINDER (PTDC/CCI-INF/29168/2017) and AICE DSAIPA/DS/0113/2019). E.K. would like to acknowledge the Erasmus Mundus scholarship program, for providing the context and financial support to carry out this study, through the admission to the Master of Science in Geospatial Technologies.Among natural disasters, earthquakes are recorded to have the highest rates of human loss in the past 20 years. Their unexpected nature has severe consequences on both human lives and material infrastructure, demanding urgent action to be taken. For effective emergency relief, it is necessary to gain awareness about the level of damage in the affected areas. The use of remotely sensed imagery is popular in damage assessment applications; however, it requires a considerable amount of labeled data, which are not always easy to obtain. Taking into consideration the recent developments in the fields of Machine Learning and Computer Vision, this study investigates and employs several Few-Shot Learning (FSL) strategies in order to address data insufficiency and imbalance in post-earthquake urban damage classification. While small datasets have been tested against binary classification problems, which usually divide the urban structures into collapsed and non-collapsed, the potential of limited training data in multi-class classification has not been fully explored. To tackle this gap, four models were created, following different data balancing methods, namely cost-sensitive learning, oversampling, undersampling and Prototypical Networks. After a quantitative comparison among them, the best performing model was found to be the one based on Prototypical Networks, and it was used for the creation of damage assessment maps. The contribution of this work is twofold: we show that oversampling is the most suitable data balancing method for training Deep Convolutional Neural Networks (CNN) when compared to cost-sensitive learning and undersampling, and we demonstrate the appropriateness of Prototypical Networks in the damage classification context.publishersversionpublishe

Few-Shot Learning for Post-Earthquake Urban Damage Detection

Among natural disasters, earthquakes are recorded to have the highest rates of human loss in the past 20 years. Their unexpected nature has severe consequences on both human lives and material infrastructure, demanding urgent action to be taken. For effective emergency relief, it is necessary to gain awareness about the level of damage in the affected areas. The use of remotely sensed imagery is popular in damage assessment applications; however, it requires a considerable amount of labeled data, which are not always easy to obtain. Taking into consideration the recent developments in the fields of Machine Learning and Computer Vision, this study investigates and employs several Few-Shot Learning (FSL) strategies in order to address data insufficiency and imbalance in post-earthquake urban damage classification. While small datasets have been tested against binary classification problems, which usually divide the urban structures into collapsed and non-collapsed, the potential of limited training data in multi-class classification has not been fully explored. To tackle this gap, four models were created, following different data balancing methods, namely cost-sensitive learning, oversampling, undersampling and Prototypical Networks. After a quantitative comparison among them, the best performing model was found to be the one based on Prototypical Networks, and it was used for the creation of damage assessment maps. The contribution of this work is twofold: we show that oversampling is the most suitable data balancing method for training Deep Convolutional Neural Networks (CNN) when compared to cost-sensitive learning and undersampling, and we demonstrate the appropriateness of Prototypical Networks in the damage classification context

Supplementary Material - AGILE2023 Short Paper

Supplementary material for the paper on Designing Search Engines for Interactive Web-based Geovisualizations </p